Contents
Preface page xv
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Structural planes 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Definitions 1
1.3 Dip and strike 2
1.4 Accuracy of angle measurements 5
1.5 Graphic methods 10
1.6 Finding apparent dip 13
1.7 Analytical solutions 15
1.8 Cotangent method 17
1.9 True dip and strike 18
1.10 Dip vectors 20
1.11 Three-point problem 24
1.12 Observed apparent dips 25
1.13 Exercises 27
2 Thickness and depth 30
2.1 Definitions 30
2.2 Thickness determination 31
2.3 Thickness by direct measurement 31
2.4 Thickness from indirect measurements 32
2.5 Apparent thickness 36
2.6 Thickness between non-parallel planes 39
2.7 Thickness in drill holes 41
2.8 Depth to a plane 43
2.9 Distance to a plane 44
2.10 Error propagation 46
2.11 Exercises 54
3 Lines and intersecting planes 57
3.1 Definitions 57
3.2 Linear structures 57
3.3 Plunge of a line 59
3.4 Pitch of a line 61
3.5 Intersecting planes 64
3.6 Cotangent method 65
3.7 Structure contours 66
3.8 Line vectors 67
3.9 Accuracy of trend determinations 69
3.10 Exercises 71
4 Planes and topography 72
4.1 Exposures on horizontal surfaces 72
4.2 Effect of topography 74
4.3 Dip and strike from a geological map 76
4.4 Linear interpolation 77
4.5 Parallel lines 79
4.6 Three-point problem 80
4.7 Structure contours 82
4.8 Predicting outcrop patterns 84
4.9 Exercises 87
5 Stereographic projection 88
5.1 Introduction 88
5.2 Stereogram 88
5.3 Stereonet 92
5.4 Plotting techniques 93
5.5 Measuring angles 99
5.6 Attitude problems 101
5.7 Polar net 104
5.8 Dip and strike errors 105
5.9 Intersection errors 106
5.10 Exercises 107
6 Rotations 109
6.1 Introduction 109
6.2 Basic techniques 109
6.3 Sequential rotations 114
6.4 Rotations about inclined axes 116
6.5 Rotational problems 118
6.6 Tilting problems 119
6.7 Two tilts 121
6.8 Folding problems 122
6.9 Small circles 124
6.10 Exercises 128
7 Vectors 130
7.1 Introduction 130
7.2 Sum of vectors 134
7.3 Products of vectors 136
7.4 Circular distributions 143
7.5 Spherical distributions 147
7.6 Rotations 149
7.7 Rotational problems 154
7.8 Three-point problem 157
8 Faults 165
8.1 Definitions 165
8.2 Fault classification 166
8.3 Slip and separation 168
8.4 Faults in three dimensions 172
8.5 Slip and its determination 174
8.6 Overthrusts 179
8.7 Fault terminations 182
8.8 Faults and folds 184
8.9 Extension and contraction 185
8.10 Rotation 188
8.11 Facing on faults 194
8.12 Dilation of dikes 195
8.13 Exercises 197
9 Stress 198
9.1 Introduction 198
9.2 Traction 199
9.3 Stress components 201
9.4 Stress in two dimensions 204
9.5 Mohr Circle for stress 209
9.6 Superimposed stress states 215
9.7 Pole of the Mohr Circle 217
9.8 Role of pore pressure 222
9.9 Deviatoric and hydrostatic stress 223
9.10 Stress ellipse 224
9.11 Tractions versus forces 227
9.12 Stress tensor 229
9.13 Exercises 238
10 Faulting 240
10.1 Introduction 240
10.2 Experimental fractures 240
10.3 Role of friction 241
10.4 Coulomb criterion 247
10.5 Limitations 250
10.6 Classification of faults 251
10.7 Faults and stresses 251
10.8 States of stress at depth 254
10.9 Magnitudes of stress components 257
10.10 Open fractures 261
10.11 Stress drop 262
10.12 Faults in anisotropic rocks 263
10.13 Oblique faults 264
10.14 Other limitations 266
10.15 Earthquakes 266
10.16 Exercises 267
11 Deformation 269
11.1 Introduction 269
11.2 Continuum assumption 273
11.3 Homogeneous deformation 276
11.4 Analysis of simple shear 278
11.5 Superimposed deformations 284
11.6 Inhomogeneous deformation 287
11.7 Deformation and related tensors 290
11.8 Exercises 300
12 Strain 302
12.1 Introduction 302
12.2 Deformed grains 302
12.3 Deformed fossils 304
12.4 Deformed pebbles 306
12.5 Geometry of the strain ellipse 309
12.6 Mohr Circle for finite strain 313
12.7 Pole of the Mohr Circle 315
12.8 Strain from measured angles 316
12.9 Strain from measured stretches 321
12.10 Restoration 328
12.11 Strain and related tensors 331
12.12 Exercises 343
13 Flow 346
13.1 Introduction 346
13.2 Active tectonics 346
13.3 Ancient tectonics 349
13.4 Progressive deformation 350
13.5 Kinematics 356
13.6 Deformation rates from structures 365
13.7 Exercises 367
14 Folds 369
14.1 Introduction 369
14.2 Single surfaces 369
14.3 Relationships between surfaces 375
14.4 Associated structures 375
14.5 Fold orientation 379
14.6 Isogon classification 382
14.7 Thickness variation 385
14.8 Alternative graphs 386
14.9 Inverse thickness 388
14.10 Best-fit indicatrix 392
14.11 Determining the flattening index 397
14.12 Competence 399
14.13 Exercises 409
15 Parallel folds 410
15.1 Introduction 410
15.2 Rounded folds 410
15.3 Rounded folds in cross section 416
15.4 Balanced cross sections 426
15.5 Depth of folding 427
15.6 Non-parallel modifications 430
15.7 Angular folds 433
15.8 Angular folds in cross section 435
15.9 Faults in fold cores 438
15.10 Some problems 439
15.11 Exercises 439
16 Similar folds 441
16.1 Introduction 441
16.2 Geometry of shear folds 441
16.3 Single-sense shear 443
16.4 Shear folds in three dimensions 444
16.5 Superposed folds in two dimensions 445
16.6 Wild folds 449
16.7 Superposed folds in three dimensions 450
16.8 Exercises 452
17 Folds and topography 454
17.1 Map symbols 454
17.2 Outcrop patterns 454
17.3 Down-plunge view 456
17.4 Fold profile 459
17.5 Hinge and hinge plane 463
17.6 Computer graphs 463
17.7 Transformation of axes 464
17.8 Cautionary note 467
17.9 Exercises 467
18 Structural analysis 468
18.1 Introduction 468
18.2 S-pole and beta diagrams 468
18.3 Fold axis and axial plane 469
18.4 Equal-area projection 470
18.5 Polar net 473
18.6 Equal areas 473
18.7 Contoured diagrams 474
18.8 Statistics of scatter diagrams 478
18.9 Computer-generated diagrams 480
18.10 Interpretation of diagrams 482
18.11 Superimposed folds 484
18.12 Sampling problems 487
18.13 Engineering applications 489
18.14 Exercises 490
19 Tectonites 493
19.1 Introduction 493
19.2 Isotropy and homogeneity 493
19.3 Preferred orientation 494
19.4 Planar and linear fabrics 494
19.5 Complex structures 500
19.6 LS tectonites 502
19.7 Exercises 502
20 Drill hole data 504
20.1 Introduction 504
20.2 Oriented cores 505
20.3 Cores without orientation 507
20.4 Cores with a known plane 510
20.5 Two drill holes 511
20.6 Analytical solution 513
20.7 Three drill holes 515
20.8 Interpretation of folds 516
20.9 Exercises 517
21 Maps and cross sections 518
21.1 Geological maps 518
21.2 Other types of maps 521
21.3 Geological history 522
21.4 Structure sections 523
21.5 Other types of sections 527
21.6 Vertical exaggeration 527
21.7 Enlarged sections 532
21.8 Exercises 533
22 Block diagrams 534
22.1 Introduction 534
22.2 Isometric projection 534
22.3 Isometric cube as a strain problem 536
22.4 Orthographic projection 539
22.5 General cube 540
22.6 Computer plot of cube 541
22.7 Geological structure 543
22.8 Orthographic cube as a strain problem 544
22.9 Topography 547
22.10 Modified blocks 548
22.11 Exercises 550
Appendices
A Descriptive geometry 551
B Spherical trigonometry 564
References 578
Index
[ 此帖被wangpengfei在2010-10-30 13:26重新编辑 ]
