【每日一词】【五一活动】之sandstone——摘自斯伦贝谢网站的Oilfield Glossary [复制链接]

A clastic sedimentary rock whose grains are predominantly sand-sized. The term is commonly used to imply consolidated sand or a rock made of predominantly quartz sand, although sandstones often contain feldspar, rock fragments, mica and numerous additional mineral grains held together with silica or another type of cement. The relatively high porosity and permeability of sandstones make them good reservoir rocks.

大家可以通过不同的岩性进行跟帖，如页岩，碳酸盐等

五一活动，奖励20-25个果果

shale  页岩

A fine-grained, fissile, detrital sedimentary rock formed by consolidation of clay- and silt-sized particles into thin, relatively impermeable layers. It is the most abundant sedimentary rock. Shale can include relatively large amounts of organic material compared with other rock types and thus has potential to become a rich hydrocarbon source rock, even though a typical shale contains just 1% organic matter. Its typical fine grain size and lack of permeability, a consequence of the alignment of its platy or flaky grains, allow shale to form a good cap rock for hydrocarbon traps.

Carbonate 碳酸岩
A class of sedimentary rock whose chief mineral constituents (95% or more) are calcite and aragonite (both CaCo3) and dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2], a mineral that can replace calcite during the process of dolomitization. Limestone, dolostone or dolomite, and chalk are carbonate rocks. Although carbonate rocks can be clastic in origin, they are more commonly formed through processes of precipitation or the activity of organisms such as coral and algae. Carbonates form in shallow and deep marine settings, evaporitic basins, lakes and windy deserts. Carbonate rocks can serve as hydrocarbon reservoir rocks, particularly if their porosity has been enhanced through dissolution. They rely on fractures for permeability.

igneous
Pertaining to one of three main classes of rocks (igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary). Igneous rocks crystallize from molten rock, or magma, with interlocking mineral crystals. Igneous rocks that crystallize slowly, typically below the surface of the Earth, are plutonic igneous rocks and have large crystals (large enough to see with the naked eye). Volcanic igneous rocks crystallize quickly at the Earth's surface and have small crystals (usually too small to see without magnification). Common examples include granite (plutonic) and rhyolite (volcanic), diorite (plutonic) and andesite (volcanic), and gabbro (plutonic) and basalt (volcanic). Igneous rocks typically comprise the minerals quartz, mica, feldspar, amphibole, pyroxene and olivine.

                                                                                             limestone-石灰岩
A carbonate sedimentary rock predominantly composed of calcite of organic, chemical or detrital origin. Minor amounts of dolomite, chert and clay are common in limestones. Chalk is a form of fine-grained limestone.

sedimentary　　沉积岩

One of the three main classes of rock (igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary). Sedimentary rocks are formed at the Earth's surface through deposition of sediments derived from weathered rocks, biogenic activity or precipitation from solution. Clastic sedimentary rocks such as conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones and shales form as older rocks weather and erode, and their particles accumulate and lithify, or harden, as they are compacted and cemented. Biogenic sedimentary rocks form as a result of activity by organisms, including coral reefs that become limestone. Precipitates, such as the evaporite minerals halite (salt) and gypsum can form vast thicknesses of rock as seawater evaporates. Sedimentary rocks can include a wide variety of minerals, but quartz, feldspar, calcite, dolomite and evaporite group and clay group minerals are most common because of their greater stability at the Earth's surface than many minerals that comprise igneous and metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rocks, unlike most igneous and metamorphic rocks, can contain fossils because they form at temperatures and pressures that do not obliterate fossil remnants.

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mudstone 泥岩
a dark sedimentary rock formed from consolidated mud and lacking the laminations of shale

再来一个变质岩三大岩类就聚齐了

Metamorphic rock 变质岩

Metamorphic rock is the transformation of an existing rock type, the protolith, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form". The protolith is subjected to heat and pressure (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C and pressures of 1500 bars[1]) causing profound physical and/or chemical change. The protolith may be sedimentary rock, igneous rock or another older metamorphic rock. Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the Earth's crust and are classified by texture and by chemical and mineral assemblage (metamorphic facies). They may be formed simply by being deep beneath the Earth's surface, subjected to high temperatures and the great pressure of the rock layers above it. They can form from tectonic processes such as continental collisions, which cause horizontal pressure, friction and distortion. They are also formed when rock is heated up by the intrusion of hot molten rock called magma from the Earth's interior. The study of metamorphic rocks (now exposed at the Earth's surface following erosion and uplift) provides information about the temperatures and pressures that occur at great depths within the Earth's crust. Some examples of metamorphic rocks are gneiss, slate, marble, schist, and quartzite.

Evaporite 蒸发岩


A class of sedimentary minerals and sedimentary rocks that form by precipitation from evaporating aqueous fluid. Common evaporite minerals are halite, gypsum and anhydrite, which can form as seawater evaporates, and the rocks limestone and dolostone. Certain evaporite minerals, particularly halite, can form excellent cap rocks or seals for hydrocarbon traps because they have minimal porosity and they tend to deform plastically (as opposed to brittle fracturing that would facilitate leakage).

Alternate Form: evaporitic