Recession Rates & Erosion Control Techniques
DEFRA/Environment Agency
Flood and Coastal Defence R&D Programme
Soft Cliffs
Prediction of Recession Rates and Erosion Control Techniques
R&D Project FD2403/1302
v
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii
CONTENTS v
1.Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Current Issues 1
1.3 A Strategic Approach to Cliff Management 6
1.4 Cliff Management:Key Points 7
2.Cliff Recession 10
2.1 Coastal Landsliding and Cliff Recession 10
2.2 Cliff Recession 10
2.3 Cliff Behaviour Units 12
2.4 Cliff Behaviour 13
2.5 The Recession Cycle 16
2.6 Cliff Recession in a Warmer Britain 16
3.A Framework for Cliff Management 18
3.1 Introduction 18
3.2 Identification of CBUs 18
3.3 Investigation 19
3.4 Characterisation of CBUs 24
3.5 Risk Assessment 28
3.6 Hazard Assessment 29
3.7 Identifying the Elements at Risk 30
3.8 Calculation of Risk 32
3.9 Consideration of Risk Acceptance Criteria 32
3.10 Non-Structural Solutions 32
4.Measurement and Monitoring 36
4.1 Selection of Measurement and Monitoring Methods 36
4.2 Measurement of Historical Recession Rates 40
4.3 Measurement of Current Recession Rates 40
4.4 Assessment of Contemporary Cliff Behaviour 44
4.5 Monitoring of Current Cliff Behaviour 46
4.6 Interpretation and Presentation of Results 475.Prediction of Recession Rates 51
5.1 Approaches to Prediction 51
5.2 A Probabilistic Framework for Prediction 52
5.3 Selection of Prediction Methods 53
5.4 Extrapolation from Historical Data 56
5.5 Expert Judgement from Cliff Behaviour Models 59
5.6 Probabilistic Simulation Modelling 65
5.7 Process Response Simulation Modelling 71
5.8 Empirical Modelling of Sea Level Rise 73
5.9 Interpretation and Presentation of Results 76
6.Erosion Control Techniques 79
6.1 Factors Influencing Scheme Selection 79
6.2 Toe Protection 82
6.3 Slope Stabilisation 84
6.4 Prevention or Reduction in Recession Rates 85
6.5 Management of Protected Cliffs 86
6.6 Monitoring and Maintenance 89
6.7 Monitoring of Cliff Management Strategies 89
7.Economic Evaluation 90
8.Cliffs and Nature Conservation 97
8.1 Environmental Significance 97
8.2 Cliffs and Habitats 97
8.3 Impact of Coast Protection on Biodiversity 98
8.4 The Habitats Directive 99
8.5 Cliffs and Biodiversity 100
8.6 Environmental Impact 101
9.Implications for Coastal Management 104
9.1 Shoreline Management Plans 104
9.2 Strategic Studies and Scheme Feasibility Studies 105
9.3 Coastal Planning 107
References 109
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