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Crude Oil Properties and Specifications

1. Bonny Light Crud Oil from Nigeria

Property B Measured/ Blended back
Gravity, API :35.4/35.8
Gravity SG: 0.8478/0.8459
Sulfur,wt%: 0.14/0.14
Hydrogen, wt%: --/13.2
Total Nitrogen, ppm: --/1030
Acid Number, mg KOH/g: 0.27/0.25
Pour Point, F / C: 0/-180/-18
Charact. Factor (K-FACTOR): --/11.9
Viscosity, cSt at 40 C (104 F): 3.14/--
Viscosity, cSt at 50 C (122 F): 2.90/2.90
Vanadium, ppm:--/ 0.4
Nickel, ppm: --/3.6
MCR, wt%: --/0.99
Ramsbottom Carbon, wt%:--/0.93
Asphaltenes, (H.C7) wt%:--/0.007

2. Escalante Crude Oil from Argentina

API Gravity : 24.1
Sulphur (weight %) : 0 .19
Reid Vapour Pressure (kPa) :10
Hydrogen Sulphide (ppm) : < 1
Density (g/mL)@ (°C)15 : 0.9093
Pour Point (°C) : - 1
Kinematic Viscosity (mm2/s or cSt)
@16°C :2,120
@38°C :307
Yield on Crude (volume %)
Boiling Range (°C)
IBP-74:2
74-204:10
204-274: 9
274-371:13
371-538:24
>538:43
Metals (ppm)
Iron :4
Nickel :1
Sodium :5
Vanadium :1
Other Elements (weight %)
Nitrogen : 0.29

3. Cabinda Crude Oil from Angola

Property B Measured/ Blended back
Gravity, API°: 32.5/32.8
Gravity SG: 0.8628/0.8610
Sulfur, wt%: 0.12/0.13
Total Nitrogen, ppm: ---/2020
Hydrogen, wt%: ---/13.1
Acid Number, mg KOH/g: 0.06/0.06
Pour Point, °F / °C: 60 / 16 /// 60 / 16
Charact. Factor (K-FACTOR): ---/12.3
Viscosity, cSt at 40°C (104°F): 13.2/---
Viscosity, cSt at 50°C (122°F): 9.90/9.90
Vanadium, ppm: ---/2.2
Nickel, ppm:---/ 16
MCR, wt%: ---/3.6
Ramsbottom Carbon, wt%: ---/3.4
Asphaltenes, (H.C7) wt%: ---/0.17

4. Nemba Crude Oil from Angola

Property B Measured/ Blended back
Gravity, API°: API°38.7/39.3
Gravity SG: 0.8314/0.8282
Sulfur, wt%: 0.19/0.19
Total Nitrogen, ppm: ---/1210
Hydrogen, wt%: ---/13.6
Acid Number, mg KOH/g: <0.02/0.02
Pour Point, °F / °C: 25 / -4 /// 25 / -4
Charact. Factor (K-FACTOR): ---/12.2
Viscosity, cSt at 40°C (104°F): 3.64/---
Viscosity, cSt at 50°C (122°F): 3.04/3.04
Vanadium, ppm:---/ 2.2
Nickel, ppm:---/ 2.3
MCR, wt%:---/1.6
Ramsbottom Carbon, wt%:---/1.5
Asphaltenes, (H.C7) wt%:---/0.21

5. Palanca Crude Oil from Angola

Property B Measured/ Blended back
Gravity, API° : 37.2/38.4
Gravity SG: 0.8388/0.8329
Sulfur, wt%: 0.18/0.17
Total Nitrogen, ppm: ---/1080
Hydrogen, wt%:---/13.6
Acid Number, mg KOH/g: 0.03/0.04
Pour Point, °F / °C: 50 / 10 /// 50 / 10
Charact. Factor (K-FACTOR): ---/12.1
Viscosity, cSt at 40°C (104°F): 4.52/---
Viscosity, cSt at 50°C (122°F): 3.90/3.90
Vanadium, ppm: ---/1.1
Nickel, ppm:---/ 1.4
MCR, wt%: ---/1.43
Ramsbottom Carbon, wt%: ---/1.38
Asphaltenes, (H.C7) wt%: ---/0.40

6. Basra Light Curde Oil from Iraq

1) r. V. P. (psi): 7.0
2) specific gravity at 15.6/15.8c:0.8546
3 API gravity at 16.6c:34.1
4) water content vol %: 0.02
5) salt na cl ppm: 5.0
6) sulphur wt%: 1.1
7) asphaltenes wt%: 1.2
8) pour pont o:-27
9) kin. Vis. Cst at 9.8
10) at 100 f: 6.394
11) flash point? <20
12) nitrogen content wt%: 1.04
13) total sold number (mg. Koh. G): 0.06
14 grose heating value (cal/g): 10610
15) characterization factor (kuop): 12.0
16) carbon residue (conradson) wt %:3.95
17) metal content content ppm. Vanadium content ppm: 30.0 Nickel content ppm:8.5 Iron content ppm: 1.6 Copper content ppm: 0.2 lsp at c: 45
18) Distillation: Distilled at: 50c:0.25 75 c:3.5 100 c:7.5 125 c : 12.0 150 c:18.0 175c:24.0 200 c:28.5 225 c:33.0 250 c:37.0 275 c:41.5 300 c:46.5
Total distillate: 47.5
Distillation loss: 1.0
Residue: 51.5.

7. Rebco Crude Blend Crude Oil from Russia

1. density at 20oC, g/cm3, max. - 0.870
2. sulfur, wt %, max. - 1.8
3. paraffin, wt %, about - 6.0
4. water and sediments, %, max. - 1.20
5. distillation, % vol.
up to 200oC, min - 21
up to 300oC, min - 41
up to 350oC, min - 50
6. salts, mg/l, max. - 100

8. Saudi Light Crude Oil from Saudi Arabia

Property Average Value
Gravity@15.6oc : 0.859 Max
SPI: 33.45
Sulphur: 1.2-1.5 Max
Water & Sediment Content: 0.2 Max
Water Content: 0.1 Max
Salt Content: 8 Max
Carbon Residue: 4 Max
Reid Vapour Pressure: 0
Pour Point: 0.35
Ash: 0
Asphalt : 1 Max
ASTM Stabilized Gravity: Degree 3.7
Recovery @50oc: 0.8 Min
@100oc: 8
@200oc: 28
@250oc: 37
@300oc: 47
Total Distillate: 47
Total Residue: 2.5Max

PEG
委内瑞拉政府在常规石油税之外，对国外石油投资者征收的国家利润分成。是西班牙语Participacion del Estado en las Ganancias的缩写，英文为：state participation in profits。

检索了半天才找到，与大家共享。

如获至宝！
让人不忍灌水。

OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , 经合组织

经济合作与发展组织是一个独特的场所。在这里， 30 个市场经济民主体的政府共同工作，应对全球化世界经济带来的对经济、社会、环境、以及治理上的挑战，并利用其带来的机会。

    经合组织为各国政府提供了一个场所，使它们可以交流政策经验，寻求共有问题的答案，确认良好运作，并协调国内国际政策。在这个场所里，平行施压往往可以有力地促进政策优化，推动“软性法律”，即非约束性合约的实施，如经合组织的《跨国企业指导准则》，并间或促成正式合约或协议。

    经合组织 成员国政府 之间的交流源于设在巴黎的经合组织秘书处所提供的信息和分析。 秘书处收集数据，跟踪趋势，分析并预测经济的发展。此外，秘书处还对贸易、环境、农业、技术、税收等许多方面的社会变化或演变方式进行研究。

    经合组织帮助各国政府通过经济增长、金融稳固、贸易与投资、技术、创新、创业精神、以及发展合作等方式促进繁荣 , 缓解贫困。它也正致力于帮助各国政府确保经济和社会的发展不以环境的急剧退化为代价。经合组织的其它目标包括创造人均就业机会、社会平等、以及洁净高效的治理。

    经合组织的工作处于领前地位，致力于理解并帮助各国政府应对新发展与关注问题，如企业治理、恐怖分子及其他犯罪分子对国际金融系统的侵用、新技术管理、以及人口老化带来的挑战。

    四十多年来，经合组织是世界上最大最可靠的比较统计、经济、及社会数据的来源。经合组织的数据库跨越包括国家账算、经济指标、劳力、贸易、就业、人口迁移、教育、能源、卫生、工业、税收、旅游业、以及环境在内的多种领域。很多研究分析都已发表。

    在过去的十年里，经合组织着手研究了一系列的经济、社会和环境问题，并同时扩展和加深了与商业、工会、及其它公民社会代表之间的关系。例如，在经合组织进行的关于税收和调拨定价的谈判为世界各地的双边税收合约铺平了道路。

    经合组织是由观点相近的国家组成的俱乐部。本质上，成员国仅限于实施市场经济和多元民主的国家。它富有，因为经合组织的三十个成员国产出的货物和服务占世界总量的百分之六十。但它并不是一个排他性俱乐部。非成员也可被邀请签署经合组织的协议及合约。经合组织与包括从巴西、中国、俄罗斯到非洲最不发展国家内的世界上一百多个国家一起，分享专业知识，交换对共同关注问题的看法。

经合组织的成员国:
澳大利亚  奥地利  比利时 加拿大 捷克共和国  
丹麦 芬兰 法国 德国 希腊
匈牙利 冰岛 爱尔兰  意大利  日本
韩国 卢森堡 墨西哥 荷兰 新西兰
挪威 波兰 葡萄牙 斯洛伐克共和国 西班牙
瑞典 瑞士 土耳其 英国 美国

FEE - In specified cost reimbursement pricing arrangements, fee represents an agreed-to amount beyond the initial estimate of costs. In most instances, fee reflects a variety of factors, including risk, and is subject to statutory limitations. Fee may be fixed at the outset of performance, as in a cost-plus-fixed-fee contract, or may vary (within a contractually specified minimum-maximum range) as in a cost-plus-incentive fee contract.

Certain perquisites allowed by law to officers concerned in the administration of justice or in the performance of duties required by law as a recompense for their labor and trouble.

The term fees differs from costs in that the former are a recompense to the officer for his services and the latter, an indemnification to the party for money laid out and expended in his suit.

FEE, FEODUM or FEUDUM - Estates. From the French, fief. A fee is an estate which may continue forever. The word fee is explained to signify that the land or other subject of property, belongs to its owner and is transmissible, in the case of an individual, to those whom the law appoints to succeed him, under the appellation of heirs; and in the case of corporate bodies, to those who are to take on themselves the corporate function; and from the manner in which the body is to be continued, are denominated successors.

Estates in fee are of several sorts and have different denominations, according to their several natures and respective qualities. They 'may with propriety be divided into:
    1. Fees simple;
    2. Fees determinable;
    3. Fees qualified;
    4. Fees conditional, and;
    5. Fees tail.

A fee simple is an estate inlands or tenements which, in reference to the ownership of individuals, is not restrained to any heirs in particular, nor subject to any condition or collateral determination except the laws of escheat and the canons of descent, by which it may, be qualified, abridged or defeated. In other words, an estate in fee simple absolute, is an estate limited to a person and his heirs general or indefinite. And the omission of the word `his' will not vitiate the estate, nor are the words "and assigns forever" necessary to create it, although usually added. The word fee simple is sometimes used by the best writers on the law as contrasted with estates tail. In this sense the term comprehends all other fees as well as the estate, properly and in strict propriety of technical language, peculiarly distinguished by this appellation.

A determinable fee is an estate which may continue forever. It is a quality of this estate while it falls under this denomination, that it is liable to be determined by some act or event, expressed on its limitation, to circumscribe its continuance or inferred by the law as bounding its extent. Limitations to a man and his heirs till the marriage of such a person shall take place; till debts shall be paid; until a minor shall attain the age of twenty-one years, are instances of such a determinable fee.

Qualified fee is an interest given on its first limitation, to a man and to certain of his heirs and not to extend to all of them generally, nor confined to the issue of his body. A limitation to a man and his heirs on the part of his father, affords an example of this species of estate.

A conditional fee, in the more general acceptation of the term, is when, to the limitation of an estate a condition is annexed which renders the estate liable to be defeated. In this application of the term, either a determinable or a qualified fee may at the same time be a conditional fee. An estate limited to a man and his heirs, to commence on the performance of a condition, is also frequently described by this appellation.

引用第3楼笑韵于2008-01-20 17:23发表的  :
中国人名的翻译，有一个标准么，是拼音直接译，还是将姓与名颠倒？
比如这“诸葛亮”是译成 Zhuge Liang，还是译成 Liang Zhuge？

很早之前为了让外国人不迷惑，会翻译成Liang Zhuge；但是现在外国人对中国了解的比以前多了，像以前那那翻译反倒自己人不习惯，老外也觉得多余，所以一般直接翻译，但是要注意姓的第一个字母大写，名字的第一个字母大写，而不是每一个字的第一个字母大写。比如：Ouyang Ping， Li Xiaoming等。另外还有一种方式就是为了区别，把姓氏的所有字母大写，OUYANG Ping，LI Xiaoming；老外也会这样写，Tom SMITH或者 SMITH Tom，都可以。本人认为最后一种方法最容易识别，即：姓氏的所有字母大写，名字的首字母大写。

呵呵，真的不错耶！我也要学着发一些！

It is rife nowadays that man has a number of women in his life besides his wife, who may be dealed with by the wife using a knife of nife when she finds the fact.

THE PUGH CLAUSE

The Pugh Clause is the language used in an oil & gas lease to spell out what happens to the portion of the acreage you leased that does not either contain a well or is not included within a producing petroleum pool or unit. The typical Pugh Clause reads as follows:

"If at the end of the primary term, a part but not all of the land covered by this lease, on a surface acreage basis, is not included within a unit or units in accordance with the other provisions hereof, this lease shall terminate as to such part, or parts, of the land lying outside such unit or units, unless this lease is perpetuated as to such land outside such unit or units by operations conducted thereon or by the production of oil, gas or other minerals, or by such operations and such production in accordance with the provisions hereof."

While the clause may seem complicated at first, its meaning is quite simple: at the end of the primary term, the lease will expire as to any part of the land that is not being used by the petroleum company. Without the Pugh Clause, if your lease covered 600 acres and the petroleum company only put 20 acres in a pooled unit for a producing well, the lease would remain in effect as to the 580 acres not being used as well as the 20 acres in the unit. Even though you are receiving no production (and thus no profit) from the 580 acres, they would remain tied-up by the lease indefinitely. With the Pugh Clause, the 580 acres would be released from the lease at the end of the primary term. You would continue to receive royalties from the production from the 20 acres, and the 580 acres would be available to lease to another company when one comes along.

Depending on the additional language in the lease, you must keep in mind that the petroleum company may be able to hold on to the 580 acres in our example through methods other than actual production of oil or gas. Some of the typical ways that land can be maintained absent production is through seismic work, continued drilling operations, or additional rental payments. As with all provisions of the lease, the Pugh Clause and any additional language must be worded very carefully to provide maximum opportunity for the petroleum company while also providing maximum protection for the landowner.

turn geese into swans
言过其实