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What is a Geyser?

A geyser is a vent in Earth’s surface that periodically ejects a column of hot water and steam. Even a small geyser is an amazing phenomenon; however some geysers have eruptions that blast thousands of gallons of boiling hot water up to a few hundred feet in the air.

Old Faithful is the world's best known geyser. It is located in Yellowstone National Park (USA). Old Faithful erupts every 60 to 90 minutes and blasts a few thousand gallons of boiling hot water between 100 and 200 feet into the air.

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Old Faithful geyser of Yellowstone National Park blasts water about 150 feet into the air.

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Eruption of Lady Knox Geyser, New Zealand.  

nm: nautical mile，海里

Henry Hub is the pricing point for natural gas futures contracts traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX). It is a point on the natural gas pipeline system in Erath, Louisiana. It is owned by Sabine Pipe Line LLC.

It interconnects with nine interstate and four intrastate pipelines: Acadian, Columbia Gulf Transmission, Gulf South Pipeline, Bridgeline, NGPL, Sea Robin, Southern Natural Pipeline, Texas Gas Transmission, Transcontinental Pipeline, Trunkline Pipeline, Jefferson Island, and Sabine. The two compressor stations can compress 520,000 decatherm/d (6.3 GW) . The transportation capacity is 1.8 billion ft³/d (bcf) (590 m³/s) (20.4 GW) (Sabine Pipe Line, LLC, 2000).

Spot and future prices set at Henry Hub are denominated in $/mmbtu (millions of British thermal units) and are generally seen to be the primary price set for the North American natural gas market. North American unregulated wellhead and burnertip natural gas prices are closely correlated to those set at Henry Hub.

“这鬼地方！This a place where the rabbits BLUSH! ”我说。
“什么意思？”
“就是兔子不拉屎的地方！”

investment credit

Tax incentive that permits companies or individuals to deduct a specified percentage of certain investment costs from their tax liability in addition to the normal allowances for depreciation. Investment credits are similar to investment allowances, which permit investors or businesses to deduct a specified percentage of certain capital costs from taxable income. Both investment credits and investment allowances differ from accelerated depreciation by offering a percentage deduction at the time an asset is purchased. In effect, the credits are subsidies for investment. Investment credits and investment allowances were adopted by the U.S. in 1962 in order to protect domestic business from foreign competition but have since been applied toward the support of energy conservation, pollution control, or various forms of desirable economic development.

Geologist Salaries are at Record Highs!
High natural resource prices, retirements and low enrollments help boost salaries for geologists.

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Graph of average annual salaries of geologists in the petroleum industry as published by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists as part of the AAPG Annual Salary Survey. These represent employees in the petroleum industry with zero to two years of experience. These new employees hold a mix of bachelor's, master's and Ph.D. degrees.



It's a Great Time to Be a Geologist!

The news is full of stories about petroleum and mineral resource companies offering geologists unprecedented salaries. The commodity prices that traditionally drive geologist employment in these sectors are at very high levels. Oil is flirting with $100 per barrel, gold is near $1000 an ounce and the price of many other important fuels and metals are at or near all-time highs. Times are good for geologists seeking work in these areas. There are lots of interesting and good-paying jobs.


How Much Are Geologists Earning?

Geology salaries vary by employment sector. During times when fuel and metal prices are rising, oil and mineral resource companies will quickly respond by hiring a full staff of geologists who can find the commodities that are bringing high prices. To achieve that they often offer unprecedented salaries. This is what we are seeing today.

The graph at top shows the average starting salary of a petroleum geologist with zero to two years experience. It clearly shows that oil companies are willing to pay handsome salaries to new geologists. This trend has been in place for several years. These new employees are earning an average of about $83,000. Similar salaries are currently being paid to new employees in the mineral resource sector. The new employees earning these salaries are a mix of B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. geologists. A larger number of geologists work in the environmental and government sectors. These employers tend to pay slightly to significantly less (10% to 40%) because they are not in such a demand-driven market. However, employment in the environmental and government sectors is usually more stable than the prices of commodities. In the mineral resource industry a sharp drop in the price of a commodity can trigger world-wide lay-offs of professional staff.


Are People Rushing to Become Geologists to Earn this High Pay?

There is a "professional pipeline" for geologists. To qualify for a geoscience job a person must earn a bachelor's degree at minimum and many earn a master's degree to compete more effectively in the job market. This education takes at least four to six years. So, anyone who enters the "pipeline" now will not reach the job market for at least four more years. A person who begins working on a degree now could find a different employment environment when the diploma is received.

A "rush to become a geologist" is not evident in university enrollments. For the past ten years the number of people enrolled in undergraduate and graduate geoscience programs has been close to steady as documented by the AGI geoscience enrollment survey. A flood of new graduates is not yet on the way to meet the demand for new geologists.

The AGI data also shows that about 20,000 people in the undergraduate degree pipeline has yielded only about 2,800 undergraduate degrees per year. If we assume that the average student declares a geoscience major about three years prior to graduation, the expected number of degrees per year should be higher. These are challenging programs, often requiring calculus, physics, chemistry and demanding geoscience courses. Some students either fail to persist at the university or change to a different major.


Will the High Rates of Pay for Geologists Continue?

It is difficult to predict the future. The demand for geologists in the petroleum and mineral resources sectors will continue to be driven by the prices of their commodities. Logic suggests that these finite resources are becoming harder to find and growth in both population and affluence should put upward pressure on prices. However, there were major lay-offs in the oil industry in 1986 and 1993 in response to price declines. In both instances, prices eventually recovered. Similar trends occur in the mineral resource sector. The conclusion: based upon history: employment and salary levels are cyclical.
There is another important factor in the oil industry "pipeline". A lot of geologists began oil industry careers during a previous time of high geologist salaries in the 1970's. These baby-boomer geologists are now reaching retirement age and a disproportionate number of them will leave oil companies over the next few years. Replacing them, and their accumulated expertise, will be a major challenge for the oil industry.

Environmental geologist jobs are driven by government spending and government regulations. Legislatures rather than commodity prices drive the employment of those geologists. Employment in these areas has been steady to increasing over the past few decades as society becomes more environmentally vigilant and as we attempt to protect and improve our environment. The ideals that drive the environmental movement are likely to continue. We will have to wait to see if state and federal governments continue to support them.


Should I Pursue a Degree in Geology?

The standard advice of selecting a career that you will love instead of one that pays a lot of money applies well here. Economic conditions change over time and the demand for geologists will go through cycles. Demand is very high now, however, we should expect times in the future when jobs are hard to find. So, if you are going into geology for the money you might be disappointed in the future. However, if you go into geology because you love the subject then you will always have opportunities for interesting work.  

Equity can refer to:

 

General

§ Equity (law), a branch of jurisprudence in common law jurisdictions

§ In many political and legal systems, a concept encompassing ideals of justice (fairness) and/or equality

§ Equality, the philosophical ideal of valuing all human beings as equal to each other.

§ In poker strategy, a player's expected share of the pot

§ Intergenerational equity, equality and fairness in relationships between people of different ages

The term Equity is generally used when referring to the equity available from an asset, in simple terms equity is the amount of money you have tied up in an asset.  

This could be the amount you own/have paid off on a house, you are then able to use the equity as collateral to borrow against, if you choose to take out a mortgage on your house then you will need to have sufficient equity to equal or be greater than the borrowing/mortgaging amount in question.  

Political, Social and Psychology

§ Equity theory, on the relations and perceptions of fairness in distributions of resources within social and professional situations.

§ Employment equity (Canada), policy requiring or encouraging preferential treatment in employment practices for certain designated groups

 

Business and Economics

§ Stock, common or preferred stock

§ Ownership equity, the value of an ownership interest in property, including shareholders' equity in a business

§ Equity investment, investment in stock. It can be done through stock market (primary or secondary market) or private placement

§ Equity (economics), the study of fairness in economics

§ Private equity, stock in a privately held company

§ Brand equity, in marketing, the value built up in a brand 

 
Organizations

The word equity is also used in the names of the following organizations: 

§ Actors' Equity Association, Labor union of actors and stage managers in the United States.

§ Equity (trade union) (formerly British Actors' Equity Association), an association in the United Kingdom

§ Canadian Actors' Equity Association, an association in Canada

§ Equity Office Properties Trust, a company that owns and manages office buildings in the United States

§ Forum Party of Alberta, also known as the Equity Party, a defunct political party from Alberta, Canada

§ Equity Bank Limited, a bank based in Kenya
§ Equity Music Group, a country music record label

Private placement 私募

    向机构投资者直接出售证券以募集资金。比起公开发行，私墓可规避在（美国）证券交易委员会的注册程序并节省发行费用。投资者要签署一份投资函，以声明购买该股份的目的是投资而不是为了再次出售。

In the United States, a private placement is an offering of securities that are not registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Such offerings exploit an exemption offered by the Securities Act of 1933 that comes with several restrictions, including a prohibition against general solicitation. This exemption allows companies to avoid quarterly reporting requirements and many of the legal liabilities associated with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The SEC passed Regulation D (Reg D) in 1982 with clarifies how companies can be sure they are exempt from registration under the Securities Act. Regulation D does include a notification requirement in Rule 503.

Private placements offer "units", where a "unit" is (again, typically) comprised of 1 common share and one-half or one warrant. The warrant is usually good for buying 1 common share at a specified price and has a validity period. An example would be a unit that includes one-half a warrant, where one whole warrant is good for purchasing 1 common share at 56 cents in the 24 months following the private placement closing.

Another key is the hold period, Canadian regulation for example prohibits trading securities purchased through private placement for a four-month period following the closing.

也用 private offering

FNR: future net revenue
未来净收益

severance tax

采掘税, 开采税

Severance tax is the money paid when natural resources are removed, or "severed," from the ground.